In Erikson's theory, which developmental stage is characterized by reflecting on life with a sense of fulfillment rather than regret?

• A. Identity vs role confusion
• B. Intimacy vs isolation
• C. Generativity vs stagnation
• D. Ego integrity vs despair

Answer: (D)

Late adulthood brings Erikson's final psychosocial stage: ego integrity versus despair. In this stage, individuals reflect on their life as a whole and decide whether it feels complete and meaningful or filled with regret. Achieving ego integrity means a sense of wholeness, acceptance, and wisdom, while despair involves lingering feelings of disappointment and fear about unfulfilled goals. This focus on life review sets it apart from earlier stages: adolescence centers on forming a stable identity; young adulthood emphasizes forming intimate relationships; middle adulthood centers on generativity and contributing to others. Understanding this helps healthcare providers support aging clients through reminiscence, meaning-making, and emotional well-being as they approach the end of life.